Titles like “Lordship” have the potential to unintentionally foster a hierarchy in the courtroom, giving judges the impression that they are superior to ordinary citizens.

There has long been discussion and controversy surrounding the custom of addressing judges in courtrooms. Although some jurisdictions continue to refer to judges by the antiquated term “Lordship,” there is growing agreement that addressing judges as “Sir” or “Madam” is more appropriate in today’s world.

In a recent instance, during a proceeding before the Supreme Court, Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud encountered a lawyer who initially employed the address “Sir” instead of the more customary “Your Lordship.” Recognizing the deviation, the lawyer expeditiously rectified his statement by reverting to “Your Lordship.” To the surprise of some, Chief Justice Chandrachud, rather than adhering to conventional practice, lauded the use of “Sir” and expressed his appreciation for the lawyer’s preference. The lawyer, in response, elucidated that his corporate background had conditioned him to use “Sir,” but he subsequently reverted to the customary address of “Your Lordship.”

The practice of addressing judges as “My Lord” or “Your Lordship” in India has historical roots dating back to the British colonial era. During British rule, the British legal system was established in India, and British traditions and forms of address were integrated into the Indian judicial system. After gaining independence in 1947, India continued many of the legal traditions inherited from the British colonial era, including the practice of addressing judges as “My Lord” or “Your Lordship.” This tradition persisted as a mark of respect for the judiciary and as a symbol of continuity with the legal system established during British rule.

Over the years, there have been debates and discussions about whether this practice should be modernized or replaced with more contemporary and gender-neutral forms of address. Some argue that using titles like “Lordship” creates a perception of hierarchy within the courtroom, while others contend that it upholds tradition and maintains the dignity of the judiciary.

In 2006, the Bar Council of India (BCI) Rules underwent an amendment with the primary objective of instituting uniform standards of professional decorum for lawyers across the nation. This amendment mandated that lawyers should employ either “Your Honour” or “Your Lordship” when addressing judges of High Courts and the Supreme Court.

Furthermore, within the BCI Rules Governing Advocates, a new Chapter IIIA was incorporated through a gazette notification in May 2006. This chapter underscored the significance of maintaining a respectful demeanor toward the court and upholding the dignity of the judicial office. It delineated that in the Supreme Court and High Courts, lawyers were obliged to utilize the titles “Your Honour” or “Hon’ble Court”. In contrast, when appearing before subordinate courts and tribunals, lawyers were provided the option to employ the more colloquial address of “Sir” or its regional language equivalent.

In 2014, lawyer Shiv Sagar Tiwari filed a petition before the Supreme Court, seeking the imposition of a consistent standard for addressing judges across all courts in the nation, encompassing both the higher judiciary and the subordinate ranks. Drawing upon the 2006 BCI Rules that prescribed uniform guidelines, Tiwari contended that the customary practice of addressing judges in the Supreme Court and High Courts as “My Lord” and “Your Lordship” should be discontinued.

The apex court, however, refrained from issuing any directive in this regard, opting instead to vest the discretion of address with the lawyers themselves. Nevertheless, it appended a proviso that any mode of addressing the judges must be conducted with an unwavering commitment to preserving the standards of dignity and respect.

However, in 2021, Shrikant Prasad, a law student, submitted a public interest plea to Chief Justice of India Sharad Arvind Bobde, who was sitting atop a panel of three justices. Chief Justice Bobde made it clear during this hearing that justices of the Indian Supreme Court are not to be addressed as “Your Honour.” He stressed that this title was more appropriate for judges serving on our country’s Supreme Court or for magistrates.

The usage of the term “Lordship” invokes associations with a bygone feudal era, where titles and nobility exerted a considerable influence on societal structures. Within modern democratic contexts, where the rule of law and meritocracy are cherished values, these feudal connotations seem anachronistic and incongruous. By substituting “Sir” for these historical titles, we dispense with these antiquated associations and accentuate the contemporary and democratic character of our legal systems.

Judges can be respectfully addressed as “Sir” while maintaining their dignity and avoiding unduly elevating them above the ordinary. It acknowledges their contribution to the administration of justice as well as the depth of legal knowledge they bring to their roles. In addition, it enables everyone who appears in court to approach the legal system with respect and equality, regardless of their background.

Another significant factor is that addressing judges as “Sir” is gender-neutral. Gender-based divisions were unnecessary when male judges were referred to as “Lordship” and female judges as “Ladyship”. In an era where gender equality is being pushed as the main social objective, using a singular, gender-neutral term like “Sir” is inclusive and appropriate.

Consumerism is the idea that increasing the consumption of goods and services purchased in the market is always a desirable goal and that a person’s well-being and happiness depend fundamentally on obtaining consumer goods and material possessions. Consumerism can be defined as a psycho-social expression of the intersection between the structural and the individual within the realm of consumption (the process of consuming things). The consuming experience is psychosocial in the sense that it represents a bridge that links the individual and society.

• Consumerism is the theory that individuals who consume goods and services in large quantities will be better off.
• Some economists believe that consumer spending stimulates production and economic growth.
• Economists view consumption as fulfilling biological needs and wants based on maximizing utility.
• Sociologists instead view consumption as additionally about fulfilling socially-inscribed needs and wants via symbolic transactions.
• Hyper-consumerism has been widely criticized for its economic, social, environmental, and psychological consequences.

In the good olden days, the principle of caveat emptor’, which meant buyer beware, governed the relationship between the seller and the buyer. In the era of open markets, buyer and seller came face  to  face,  seller exhibited his  goods,  buyer thoroughly examined them, and then purchased them. It was assumed that he would use all care and skill while entering into transactions.

The maxim relieved the seller of the obligation to make disclosures about the quality of the product. In addition, the personal relationship between the buyer and the seller was one of the major factors in their relationship. But with the growth of trade and globalization, the rule no longer holds true. Nowadays, most transactions are completed via correspondence, and it is impossible for the buyer to inspect the goods in person. Further, on account of the complex structure of modern goods, it is only the producer or seller who can assure the quality of the goods. With manufacturing activity becoming more organized, the producers and sellers are becoming stronger and more organized, whereas the buyers are still weak and unorganized. In the age of revolutionized information technology and with the emergence of e-commerce-related innovations, consumers are further deprived to a great extent. As a result, buyers are being misled, duped, and deceived day in and day out.

 Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation, attached great importance to what he described as the “poor consumer”, who, according to him, should be the principal beneficiary of the consumer movement. He said, “A consumer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us; we are dependent on him. He is not an interruption to our work; he is the purpose of it. We are not doing a favour to a consumer by giving him an opportunity. He is doing us a favour by giving us the opportunity to serve him.”

In spite of these views, consumerism is still in its infancy in our country, thanks to the seller market and the government monopoly on most services. Consumer awareness is low due to the apathy and lack of education among the masses. No one has told them about their rights—to be informed about product quality, price, protection against unsafe products, access to variety of goods at competitive prices, consumer education, etc. What consumerism lacks here is education and information resources, testing facilities, competent leadership, price control mechanisms, and adequate quasi-judicial machinery. The providers of goods and services have been reluctant to give due consideration to consumer interest protection.

OBJECTIVES OF CONSUMERISM

“Consumerism” is also used to refer to the consumerist movement, consumer protection, or consumer activism, which seeks to protect and inform consumers by requiring such practices as honest packaging and advertising, product guarantees, and improved safety standards. In this sense, it is a movement or a set of policies aimed at regulating the products, services, methods, and standards of manufacturers, sellers, and advertisers in the interests of the buyer.

To enforce the rights of people as consumers against exploitation like poor quality, over charging, etc.

To ensure fair trade practices in society.

To ensure the avoidance of unrestricted trade practices.

To ensure cooperation between the government and producers.

To create a self-help support system where consumers voluntarily form an association for their self-protection.

To build the confidence of MNC’s in investing in developing countries.

To create healthy competition among producers.

To promote consumer organizations in society like the Consumer Guidance Society of India.

To build the confidence of international organizations like the United Nations by passing the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 according to their guidelines.

To introduce the consumer to remedial organisations like consumer courts, forums, commissions, etc.

Needs And Reasons

The need for strong consumerism in our country is due to the following reasons:

1. In a vast country like India, it is very difficult to organize the consumers. The people, besides being backward, have linguistic, cultural, and religious differences, which makes the problems quite intricate or complex.
2. The majority of our population is illiterate, uneducated, ignorant, and ill-informed.
3. Poverty, lack of social awareness, accepting life as it is, and a passive outlook are some of the factors that make consumer movement difficult to increase.
4. There may not be a positive common objective for the consumers except their desire for safe, quality products at a reasonable price and a feeling of strong negative reactions against the products. In the wake of mass production and the abundance and choice at their disposal, consumers require guidance—guidance that can only be adequately provided by a consumer organization.

5. The advertisement bombarded on the consumers make them quite confused and hence again a need for consumer guidance

Consumer’s Rights And Responsibilities

Consumer’s Rights
Consumer rights are now an integral part of our lives like a consumerist way of life. They have been well documented and much talked about. We have all made use of them at some point in our daily lives. Market resources and influences are growing by the day and so is the awareness of one’s consumer rights. These rights are well-defined and there are agencies like the government, consumer courts and voluntary organisations that work towards safeguarding them. While we all like to know about our rights and make full use of them, consumer responsibility is an area which is still not demarcated. In this chapter, I will give an overview of the 8 consumer rights, their implications and significance for a developing country like India, and also define the various aspects of consumer responsibility.

In the 20th century, the presence and influence of the market grew dramatically in consumer life. We began to purchase things from the market for a price. Soon, mass production and industrial production came into being, giving the consumer world an entirely new dimension. Have you ever wondered how much urban consumers depend on the market for fulfilment of even their basic needs? This over-dependence on the market and the inherent profit motive in mass production and sales has given manufacturers and dealers a good reason to exploit consumers. As a consumer, every one should know how market products are constantly under-weight, of inferior quality and do not prescribe to quality standards specified by quality-control agencies. Consumers not only do not get value for their money but also often have to suffer losses and inconvenience due to market manipulations.

As Under section-6 of Consumer Protection Act, consumer has the following rights:

1. Right to safety: It is Right to safety against such goods and services as are hazards to health, life and property of the consumer. For example, spurious and sub-standard drugs ; appliances made of low quality of raw material, such as, electric press, pressure cooker, etc. and low quality food products like bread, milk, jam, butter etc. Consumers have the right to safety against loss caused by such products.

2. Right to be Informed/ Right to Representation: consumer has also the right that he should be provided all those information on the basis of which he decides to buy goods or services. This information relates to quality, purity, potency, standard, date of manufacture, method of use, etc. of the commodity. Thus, producer is required to provide all these information in a proper manner, so that consumer is not cheated.

3. Right to choose: Consumer has the full right to buy good or services of his choice from among the different goods or services available in the market. In other words, no seller can influence his choice in an unfair manner. If any seller does so, it will be deemed as interference in his right to choice.

4. Right to be Heard: Consumer has the right that his complaint be heard. Under this Right the consumer can file complaint against all those things which prejudicial to his interest. First there rights mentioned above (Right to Safety; Right to be Informed; Right to choose) have relevance only if the consumer has right to file his complaint against them. These days, several large and small organisations have set up Consumer service cells with a view to providing the right to be heard to the consumer. The function of the cell is to hear the complaints of the consumers and to take adequate measures to redress them. Many newspapers like The Economic Times have weekly special columns to entertain the complaints of the consumers.

5. Right to Seek redress: This provides compensation to consumer against unfair trade practice of the seller. For instance, if the quantity and the quality of the product do not confirm to the promise of the seller, the buyer has the right to claim compensation, such as free repair of the product, taking back of the products, changing of the product by the seller.

6. Right to consumer education: Consumer education refers to educate the consumer constantly with regards to their rights. In other words, consumers must be aware of the rights they enjoy against the loss they suffer on account of goods and services purchased by them. Government has taken several measures to educate the consumers. For instance, Ministry of civil supplies publishes a quarterly magazine under the title Upbhokta Jagran. Doodarshan telecasts programme tittles Sanrakshan Upbhokta Ka.

In addition to this six rights of consumer given by govt. of India, The United Nations organisation also given two rights:

1. Right to Basic Needs: The Basic need means those goods and services which are necessary for the dignified living of people. It includes adequate food, clothing, shelter, energy, sanitation, health, care, education and transportation. All consumers have the right fulfil these basic needs.

2. Right to Healthy Environment: This right provides consumers the protection against environment pollution so that the quality of life enhanced. Not only this, it also gives stress that the need to protect the environment is for future generations as well.

Consumer’s Responsibilities

The consumers have a number of rights regarding the purchase of things, but at the same time they have some responsibilities too. It means that the consumer should keep a few things in mind while purchasing them.

They are as follows:
1. Consumer should exercise his right: Consumers have many rights with regard to the goods and services. They must be aware of their rights while buying. These rights are: Right to safety, Right to be informed, Right to representation, Right to seek redressal, Right to consumer education, etc.

2. Cautious consumer/ Do not buy blindly: The consumers should make full use of their reason while buying things. They should not take the seller’s word as final truth. In other words, while buying consumer must get information regarding the quality, quantity, price, utility etc. of goods and services.

3. Filing complaint for the redressal of genuine grievances: It is the responsibility of a consumer to approach the officer concerned there is some complaint about the goods purchased. A late complaint may find that the period of guarantee/warrantee has lapsed. Sometimes, consumers ignore the deception of businessmen. This tendency encourages corrupt business practices.

4. Consumer must be quality conscious/Do not compromise on quality: The consumers should never compromise on the quality of goods. Therefore, they should not buy inferior stuff out of greed for less prices. If the consumers behave like this, there cannot be any protection for them from any quarter. It is also the responsibility of the consumers only to buy goods with the ISI, Agmark, Woolmark, FPO etc. printed on them. All these symbols indicative of the good quality of the goods.

5. Advertisements often exaggerate/Beware of false advertisement: The seller informs the consumer about their things through the medium of advertisement. The sellers exaggerate the quality of their goods. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the consumers to recognise the truth of advertisement.

6. Do not forget to get Receipt and Guarantee/warrantee card: One should always get a receipt or bill for the things purchased. In case a guarantee/warrantee card is also offered by seller, it should also be taken. In case the goods purchased are of inferior quality or some defects appears and bothers the customers, these documents will be of great help in settling all kinds of dispute with the seller.

7. Do not buy in hurry: The first important responsibility of consumers is that they should not buy in hurry. It means that the consumers should make an estimate of the things they want to buy their along with their quantity required by them. They should also take in consideration the place from where to buy the things.

Role of Different Organizations

Role of Judiciary
In our country judiciary plays a very vital role. On recommendation of the amendment of consumer protection Act in 2000 the consumer protection councils or forums are created at district, state and national level. Under the Act there is a provision of Three-Tier Judiciary to redress the grievances of consumers in a simple, speedy and inexpensive way; namely
1. District Forum at District level
2. State Commission at State level
3. National Commission at National level

1. District Forum: According to consumer protection Act, state governments can set up one or more district forums in each District. There are three members including the presiding officer. Out of this one member must be a lady. They must have a qualification of District Judge and must be appointed by state government. Its main feature is that it can hear cases up to Rs.20 Lacs. Any appeal may go to state commission within 30 days.

2. State Commission: One state commission is appointed by the state government in each state. It also has three members out of which one is a lady member but they must have qualification of High Court Judge and should be appointed by state government. It can hear cases involving sum exceeds Rs.20 Lacs and upto Rs.1 Crore. Any appeal may go to national commission within 30 days.

3. National Commission: It is appointed by central government. It consists of five members out of which one must be a lady member. They must have qualification equivalent to Supreme Court Judge. It has a Jurisdiction to hear complaints amounting more than Rs.1 Crore. Any appeal may go to Supreme Court within 30 days.

Role of Non- Governmental organizations

In addition to government many about 500 non-governmental organizations (N.G.Os) are making efforts in order to safeguard the interest of consumer. These organizations perform the following functions:
1. Accelerating consumer awareness/Educating consumers: The first priority of consumer organization is to accelerate consumer’s awareness towards their rights. To accomplish this task which they have to perform are:
(a) To publish Brochures, Journals.
(b) To arrange seminars, conferences and workshops.
(c) To educate consumers to help themselves.
(d) To provide special education to women about consumerism.
(e) To encourage to follow desirable consumption standards.

3. Filing Suit on Behalf of consumer: Whenever a consumer fails to raise his voice of protect regarding his complaints, these organisations come to his rescue and file a case in the court. By rendering services to consumers, the consumers get a feeling that they are not alone in their fight. They also run voluntary complaints for the guidance of consumers.

4. Helping educational institutions: These organisations tell the educational institutions the way to prepare courses of study keeping in view the interest of consumers.

5. Promoting network of consumer association: Consumer organisations are trying to grow their numbers. They want to cover all regions so that consumers of all regions get benefited by their services.

6. Extending support to government: Consumer organisations by informing government agencies about adulteration, artificiality, inferior quality products etc. This helps government to conduct proceedings in time.

Role of Consumer Coordinating Council

The name of the highest body of consumer Association is consumer coordinating council. This body has started many programmes for consumer protection. The main objectives of this council are:
(a) To establish coordination among consumers for their welfare.
(b) To educate and train activists working for consumer protection.

Role of Press/Media

Whenever there is any revolution or a campaign is run for Public Awareness, News papers and journals play a very significant role. Indian Express is the first for this noble cause . Press takes following steps to make consumer protection campaign a success.
(a) To publish articles
(b) To make available columns
(c) To show live telecasts.
(d) To publish consumer complaints.

Role of Consumer Protection Council

The consumer protection council provides the establishment of a Central Consumer Protection Council by the central government and state Consumer Protection Council by state governments. The main objectives of the councils are:
1. To protect the rights of consumer
2. To promote the rights of consumer

Conclusion:

Consumerism is a collective consciousness on the part of consumers, business, government and civil society to enhance consumer satisfaction and social welfare which will in turn benefit all of them and finally make the society a better place to live in.

Meaning

Denying justice in a timely manner is equivalent to denying justice altogether. For the rule of law to be upheld and the fundamental right to access justice to be fulfilled, cases must be resolved promptly. Once the evidence is being heard, the suit will be continued day by day until all of the witnesses are in attendance have been cross-examined, unless the court determines that a hearing postponement until the next day is required for reasons that need to be documented. A motion to adjourn means to put a current proceeding on hold or to move it to a later time.

Adjournment is completely up to the individual, but the discretion must be used in a judicially sound and reasonable manner—not irrationally or capriciously. It is impossible to establish a strict guideline for how this discretion should be used every time. It would change based on each case’s unique facts and circumstances.

Both parties will be granted an adjournment to present their arguments and supporting documentation, call witnesses, or bring evidence to court. Lawyers, parties, and judges will frequently reiterate that this adjournment is granted for the purpose of purposefully delaying the case. In the Unit Traders v. Commissioner of Customs case, the Madras High Court noted that the plea of denying natural justice is inadmissible when there is a purposeful absence on the date of hearings.

One of the most fascinating arguments I ever heard occurred when I testified for the prosecution in a CBI case, approving the prosecution’s case against a junior officer discovered to have assets exceeding his known income source. Following a brief period of cross-examination, the attorney informed the judge that he wanted to use his democratic right to participate in the procession and requested an adjournment of the proceedings. With ease, the adjournment was approved.

If the author’s explanation is accurate, lawyers and judges are the primary cause of the parties’ lack of receiving justice. Occasionally, even the parties themselves will be dismissed from the lawsuit or granted an ex parte decree if they fail to show up for the hearing. After that, the Civil Procedure Code’s O.IX procedure will be used. The rule of granting an adjournment is a discretion of a court to grant time to parties with sufficient cause; if there is any sufficient cause, the only court can grant an adjournment. Adjournment is a well-known issue in the functioning of civil and criminal proceedings.

What Is The Effect Of Adjournment?

The public’s trust in the judiciary will be undermined by the well-known issue that affects court operations and adjournments, which affects the entire legal and justice systems. Adjournment cannot be asserted as a right since it is at the court’s discretion and cannot be asserted as such. Case disposition delays are a result of adjournments. They also add to the parties’ and the witnesses’ suffering, expense, and inconvenience. The witness appears to help the court administer justice; she has no interest in the case. For this, he gives up his convenience and time.

He must appear in court multiple times if the case is postponed. He’s going to be angry and irritated. Additionally, it presents an opportunity for the other party to intimidate or coerce him into lying. Even with changes to the Civil Procedure Code that limit the number of times an adjournment may be granted to three, an adjournment can cause a significant delay in a lawsuit. Currently, requests for adjournments are filed in the supreme court on grounds that were unimaginable a few years ago and would have been roundly denied if they had been filed. Today, the norm is to adjourn meetings.

The judge may become unpopular as a result of this practice, but it must end. The judges are not engaged in a popularity contest. According to a post by IIM Calcutta regarding the Adjournment According to the study, there is a significant delay in the trial stage court procedures because of things like absenteeism, delayed judgments, protracted oral arguments, and arbitrary adjournments. Court holidays and strikes consumed roughly five weeks, and it took an average of nine weeks to even pass judgment during an adjournment. The absence of the plaintiff’s and defendant’s attorneys was another factor contributing to the delay, as was the court’s frequent acceptance of postponement requests brought on by the failure to provide the necessary documentation on time.

How Does the Civil Procedure Code Attempt to Answer Adjournment?

Amendment Act 1999 (effective 1-7-2002), which limited the number of adjournments to three during the suit hearing, has changed some of the most significant medications. O.XVII Rule 1 now requires the court to record the reasons for hearing adjournments. After a civil lawsuit is filed, it should be resolved as soon as possible and, in any event, within a year[9]. However, despite numerous precedents, the court has not followed this rule, and the lawsuit will go on for more than three years.

A court case involving the Salem Advocate Bar Association v. Union of India challenged this provision. The court held that the provision restricting adjournments could not be deemed unconstitutional or ultra vires. In certain extreme circumstances, an adjournment may be necessary even though three adjournments have already been granted. Examples of such circumstances include the Bhopal gas tragedy, riots, and other extremely serious matters.

The legislative intent to limit the issuance of adjournments must be kept in mind while weighing the relevant factor. Even the committee headed by Justice V.S. Malimath offered a proposal on adjournment in criminal and civil reform that adjournment should only be allowed when the court thinks it necessary and rationale for giving adjournment should be recorded; however, this requirement is not fulfilled. In order to deal with cases that have been outstanding for longer than two years, the Committee developed an Arrears Eradication Scheme. According to the plan, Lok Adalats will be used to resolve these matters in a priority order. No adjournment will be allowed; these matters will be considered on a daily basis.

When adjournment can be granted and refused?

An officers’ Court (Magistrate Court) may defer the procedures whenever. The Court must adjust the interests of equity while thinking about any application for dismissal. The Court can’t have immovable standards for the conceding or refusal of dismissals.

A case ought not to be dismissed on the grounds that common procedures are pending and might be biased. On the off chance that a deliberate observer neglects to go at the knowledge about the request, you should demand an intermission and make an application for an observer summons. You ought to likewise be in a situation to show that the observer vowed to visit.

At the point when a case is deferred, you should guarantee that you concur another consultation date with the Court and that the observers are told the new date. You ought to decide observer accessibility before consenting to another preliminary date.

Inherent Power and Duty of Court

The word “intrinsic” itself is a wide term. It suggests originating from something, a continuous quality or property, a fundamental component, something distinctive or focal, owned by or connected to a person or office as a benefit of the advantage. Therefore, inborn forces are those essential legal powers that courts may use to fully and successfully resolve a dispute between the parties in front of them. talks concerning the Court’s innate ferocity in Area 151.

Section 151 of the Civil Procedure Code

Sparing of standard forces of the code, nothing in this code will be regarded to control or generally sway the basic forces of the Court to make such requests as might be major for the bits of the arrangements or to obstruct maltreatment of the strategy for the Court.

The Hon’ble Supreme Court upheld that Section 151 of the Code views the optional force secured by each Court as a significant conclusive outcome for rendering an incentive as indicated by law, to do what is “correct” and fix what isn’t right. This was done in the ongoing case of K.K. Velusamy v. N. Palaanisamy. The level of Section 151 of the CPC is described by the Court as follows:

1. Section 151 is unquestionably not a substantive course of action which gives any force or ward on Courts. It just observes the optional power of each Court for rendering an incentive as indicated by law, to do what is ‘correct’ and fix what isn’t right’, ‘that is, to do everything basic to affirm the bits of the arrangements ruin maltreatment of its method. 
2. The courses of action of the Code are not finished; Section 151 says that if the Code doesn’t unequivocally or impliedly spread a specific procedural point of view, the natural force can be utilized by the Court to manage such circumstances, to accomplish the bits of the arrangements, upon the substances and conditions of the case.
3. A Court has no capacity to do things which are declined by law or the Code, in the activity of its common forces. The Court can’t utilize the exceptional plans of Section 151 of the Code, where the fix or technique is unequivocally given in the Code.
4. The trademark forces of the Court being indispensable to the forces explicitly gave, a Court is allowed to practice them and the Court ought to practice it to such a degree, that it ought not to be fighting with what has been unequivocally given in the Code.
5. While practising the trademark power, there is no such complete going to manage those extraordinary states of the case everything considered the headway of force relies on the thought and smarts of the Court, what’s more upon the substances and conditions of the case. Subsequently, such an astounding condition should not, eventually, be treated as an authentic capacity to give any assistance.
6. The force under section151 should be utilized with care, precisely where it is completely major, when there is no strategy in the Code controlling the issue or when the bona fides of the up-and-comer can’t be tended to or when such exercise is to meet the bits of the arrangements to forestall maltreatment of philosophy of Court.

Adjournment Limit

The Court may, if a satisfactory explanation is showed up, at any period of the suit grant time to the social events, or to any of them, and may now and again, suspend the knowledge about the suit for motivations to be recorded as a hard copy.

Given that no deferment will be allowed multiple occasions to a gathering during the becoming aware of the suit.

Costs of Adjournment

In each such case, the Court will fix a day for the future hearings of the suit may make such request, as it thinks fit concerning the expenses occasioned by the interval:

1. When the thinking about the suit has begun, it will be continued regularly until all the eyewitnesses in cooperation have been dissected, with the exception of, if the Court finds that, for the great inspirations to be recorded by it, the suspension of the social occasion past the next day is basic. 
2. No dismissal will be yielded in accordance with a social occasion, besides where the conditions are outside the capacity to control of that get-together.
3. The way wherein the pleader of a social event is occupied with another Court, won’t be a ground for delay.
4. Where the illness of a pleader or his inability to coordinate the case in any way at all. 
5. The way wherein the leader of a social event is occupied with another Court, won’t be a ground for the delay.
6. Where the illness of a pleader or his inability to coordinate the case in any way at all, other than his being busy with another Court, is progressed as a ground for a break. The Court won’t give the suspension aside from in the event that it is satisfied that the social occasion applying for the delay couldn’t have attracted another pleader in time.
7. Where an observer (eyewitness) is available in Court, at any rate, a social event or his pleader is missing or the party or his pleader, in any case, present in Court, isn’t set up to look at or question the passer by, the Court may, on the off chance that it thinks fit, record the revelation of the observer (eyewitness) and pass such requests as it would conjecture fit shedding the evaluation in-chief or interrogation (cross-examination) of the spectator, everything considered, by the get-together or his pleader not present or not set up as recently referenced.

Conclusion ;   Adjournments are a well-known issue with how courts operate. When judges grant time to parties without good reason, they are making a mistake. Judges have the discretion to make any order they see fit, so even if the parties are not present, the court can dismiss them or issue an ex – parte decree. Wherever the court judges it appropriate, a reasonable amount should be imposed even if this does not function. The situation that is currently in court is intentionally being delayed.

The reason will be given by the parties or their lawyers on the basis of a sudden illness or physical ailment for that fact. If evidence is presented, it should be carefully examined. If it turns out that the evidence was false, immediate action should be taken against the parties, including fines or jail time. Wilful disobedience of the court’s process can also be considered. By stating the obvious, the adjudicator or the court should ensure that no frivolous adjournment is granted in order to gain an unfair advantage.