Bail, a crucial element of the criminal justice system, ensures the temporary release of an accused individual awaiting trial. The question of whether bail is a personal right or a constitutional provision in India is multifaceted, involving both legal principles and individual liberties. This essay examines the interplay between personal rights and constitutional provisions in the context of bail, referencing relevant sections of the law, constitutional articles, and landmark case laws.
Personal Right to Bail
Bail is fundamentally a personal right, reflecting the principle that an individual is presumed innocent until proven guilty. This right aims to prevent the unnecessary deprivation of liberty while ensuring that the accused is available for trial and other judicial proceedings.
Constitutional Provisions Supporting Bail
Though the Indian Constitution does not explicitly mention bail, several constitutional provisions underpin the right to bail:
Article 21 of the Constitution of India:
Text: “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”
Implication: Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, forming the bedrock of the right to bail. This article ensures that an individual’s liberty cannot be curtailed arbitrarily and must follow due legal procedure, highlighting the significance of bail in protecting personal freedom.
2. Article 22 of the Constitution of India:
Text: “No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.”
Implication: Article 22 provides safeguards against arbitrary arrest and detention, ensuring due process. These provisions are crucial in the context of bail, as they guarantee that individuals are not unjustly detained and have the opportunity to seek bail.
Legal Framework Under the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)
The CrPC outlines detailed provisions regarding bail, encapsulated in Sections 436 to 450:
Section 436:
Provision: Deals with bailable offenses, stipulating that an accused has the right to be released on bail if they can provide sureties.
Implication: Establishes bail for bailable offenses as a matter of right.
2.Section 437:
Provision: Pertains to non-bailable offenses and grants courts the discretion to grant bail, particularly when there are reasonable grounds to believe that the accused has not committed the offense.
Implication: Empowers judicial discretion in granting bail, balancing individual rights with the nature of the offense.
3. Section 438:
Provision: Provides for anticipatory bail, allowing individuals to seek bail in anticipation of an arrest on accusation of having committed a non-bailable offense.
Implication: Protects individuals from arbitrary arrest and ensures their liberty even before detention.
4. Section 439:
Provision: Empowers High Courts and Sessions Courts to grant bail for offenses under their jurisdiction.
Implication: Broadens judicial discretion and reinforces higher judicial oversight in bail matters.
Judicial Precedents
Indian courts have significantly shaped the jurisprudence of bail, emphasizing both personal rights and constitutional safeguards. Key case laws include:
Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia v. State of Punjab (1980):
Facts: Concerned the interpretation and scope of anticipatory bail.
Judgment: The Supreme Court held that the power to grant anticipatory bail is discretionary and must be exercised judiciously, but emphasized that it is crucial to protect personal liberty.
Principle: Anticipatory bail is an essential tool for safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary arrest.
2. State of Rajasthan v. Balchand (1977):
Facts: Addressed principles governing the grant of bail.
Judgment: The Supreme Court asserted that “bail is the rule and jail is the exception,” emphasizing the presumption of innocence and the importance of granting bail.
Principle: Established a precedent for the liberal grant of bail to uphold individual freedoms.
3. Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979):
Facts: Highlighted the plight of undertrial prisoners detained for extended periods without trial.
Judgment: The Supreme Court ordered the release of undertrial prisoners who had been in jail for periods longer than the maximum sentence for their offenses.
Principle: Reinforced the right to a speedy trial and underscored the need for timely bail decisions to prevent undue deprivation of liberty.
Balancing Rights and Societal Interests
While bail is fundamentally a personal right supported by constitutional provisions, it must be balanced against societal interests such as ensuring the accused’s presence at trial, preventing potential tampering with evidence, and safeguarding public safety. Courts exercise discretion in granting bail, considering factors such as the nature and seriousness of the offense, the accused’s criminal history, and the likelihood of the accused fleeing or committing.
Conclusion
Bail in India is both a personal right and a right supported by constitutional provisions. While not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the right to bail is inferred from the fundamental right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and the procedural safeguards under Article 22. The CrPC and judicial precedents provide a robust framework for granting bail, balancing individual freedoms with societal interests. By upholding the right to bail, the Indian legal system strives to ensure justice, fairness, and the protection of personal liberty.
In India, the term “proceedings-in-camera” refers to court proceedings that are conducted in private, away from the public and the media. This is often done to protect the privacy of the parties involved, especially in cases involving sensitive matters such as sexual offenses, matrimonial disputes, or cases involving minors.
An “in-camera” proceeding is a type of legal meeting conducted in private, typically in a judge’s chambers or a specially designated courtroom, where only specific individuals are allowed to attend. This form of proceeding is distinct from the usual open court hearings where the public, media, and other interested parties can be present.
Here are some key points about “in-camera” proceedings:
Purpose: The primary purpose of conducting proceedings in-camera is to protect sensitive, confidential, or private information that could be detrimental if disclosed publicly. This is particularly relevant in cases involving issues like national security, trade secrets, personal privacy, or sensitive family matters.
Participants: Only certain individuals, such as the parties directly involved in the case, their legal representatives, witnesses, and court officials, are permitted to attend the in-camera proceeding. The judge or magistrate presiding over the case determines who can attend based on the nature and sensitivity of the information to be discussed.
Confidentiality: In-camera proceedings ensure that sensitive information is discussed and reviewed in a confidential setting, away from the public eye. This helps maintain the integrity of the information and protects the privacy and rights of the parties involved.
Legal Framework: In India, as previously mentioned, various statutes like the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Family Courts Act, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, and others provide for the conduct of in-camera proceedings in specific cases to safeguard the interests and privacy of the parties.
Judicial Discretion: The decision to conduct proceedings in-camera rests with the presiding judge or magistrate, who determines the necessity and appropriateness of holding the meeting privately based on the facts and circumstances of the case.
In-camera proceedings play a crucial role in ensuring fair, impartial, and effective administration of justice by protecting sensitive information, safeguarding the interests of the parties, and upholding the principles of privacy and confidentiality in legal proceedings. The principle of “in-camera” proceedings is recognized and governed by various statutes and rules in India. Some of the important acts and sections related to “in-camera” proceedings are:
The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC):
Section 327: This section provides for the power of the courts to hold proceedings in-camera in certain cases, such as cases involving rape or offenses under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.
Section 228A: This section deals with the confidentiality of the identity of the victim of certain offenses, and it prohibits the publication of the name or any matter that could reveal the identity of the victim in any manner.
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012:
Section 33: This section mandates that the trial of offenses under the POCSO Act shall be conducted in-camera and the child should not be exposed to the accused at the time of giving evidence.
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015:
Section 37: This section provides that the inquiry concerning a juvenile in conflict with the law shall be conducted in-camera and the child should not be exposed to the public.
The Family Courts Act, 1984:
Section 11: This section provides that proceedings before a Family Court shall be held in-camera and the public shall not have access to such proceedings.
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005:
Section 23: This section allows the Magistrate to ensure that the proceedings under the Act are conducted in-camera to protect the privacy and interests of the aggrieved woman.
The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890:
Section 11: This section provides that the court may direct that the proceedings under the Act be held in-camera if it deems it necessary for the welfare of the minor.
The Marriage Laws Amendment Act 1976 introduced Sec. 22(1) in Hindu Marriage Act 1955, which provides as follows:-“Every proceeding under this Act shall be conducted In Camera and it shall not be a judgment of the High Court or of the Supreme Court printed or published with the previous permission of the Court.” The proviso to Section 327 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code 1973 contains a provision similar to that in the proviso to Section 153-B of C.P .C. The Sub-Section (2) also makes it mandatory to try cases in camera. It reads as follows: – “Not withstanding anything contained In Sub-Section (1), the inquiry Into and trial of rape or an offence u/s. 376, Sec. 376A, 376 B, Sec. 376-C or Section 376-D of the I.P.C. shall be conducted in camera.”
Important Case Laws:
Gaurav Nagpal vs. Sumedha Nagpal: In this landmark case, the Supreme Court held that proceedings in matrimonial matters should be conducted in-camera to protect the privacy of the parties and to encourage amicable resolution of disputes.
Ritaben Deepakbhai Patel vs. Deepakbhai Prabhudas Patel: The Gujarat High Court emphasized the need for conducting proceedings in-camera in matrimonial disputes to safeguard the interests and privacy of the parties involved.
Kanubhai vs. Meena: The Supreme Court reiterated the importance of holding proceedings in-camera in matrimonial cases to ensure that the parties can freely express themselves without any fear of public exposure or humiliation.
Reena Banerjee vs. State of West Bengal: The Calcutta High Court held that in-camera proceedings should be conducted in cases involving custody of minors to protect the interests and welfare of the child.
State of Punjab v. Ramdev Singh: In this case, the Supreme Court held that in-camera proceedings are necessary in cases involving sexual offenses to protect the dignity and privacy of the victim.
State of Karnataka v. Puttaraja: The Supreme Court reiterated the importance of conducting in-camera proceedings in cases involving sexual offenses and emphasized the need to protect the identity and privacy of the victim.
Nipun Saxena v. Union of India: The Delhi High Court emphasized the importance of maintaining confidentiality and conducting in-camera proceedings in cases involving child victims to protect their rights and interests.
It is important to note that the above-mentioned acts and sections are not exhaustive, and the applicability of in-camera proceedings may vary depending on the specific facts and circumstances of each case. Additionally, the courts in India have the inherent power to order in-camera proceedings to ensure the fair and proper administration of justice. The applicability of in-camera proceedings in family law cases may vary based on the specific facts and circumstances of each case. Additionally, the courts in India have the inherent power to order in-camera proceedings to ensure the fair and proper administration of justice in family law matters.
It promotes the use of technology for trials, appeals, and recording depositions, allowing video-conferencing for proceedings.
The bill makes video recording of statements of survivors of sexual violence compulsory, which can help preserve evidence and prevent coercion or manipulation.
The bill mandates that police must inform about the status of a complaint in 90 days, which can enhance accountability and transparency.
Section 41A of the CrPC will be renumbered as Section 35. This change includes an added safeguard, stipulating that no arrest can be made without prior approval from an officer at least at the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP), especially for offences punishable by less than 3 years or for individuals above 60 years.
The bill requires that police consult the victim before withdrawing a case punishable by seven years or more, which can ensure that justice is not compromised or denied.
It allows absconding criminals to be tried in-absentia by the court and sentenced too, which can deter fugitives from escaping justice.
It empowers magistrates to take cognizance of offences based on electronic records such as emails, SMSs, WhatsApp messages etc., which can facilitate evidence collection and verification.
Mercy petitions in death sentence cases be filed within 30 days to the Governor and within 60 days to the President.
No appeal shall lie against the President’s decision in any court.
Introduction of new definitions
The term “audio-video electronic” has been introduced in Section 2 of the Bill’s definitions. The term “investigation” now has a new explanation that specifies that if any provisions of a Special Act conflict with the requirements of the Bill, the Special Act takes precedence. In the event of any inconsistency, investigation or inquiry under acts such as the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 or the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 shall take precedence over the Bill.
Introduction of new definitions
The concept of a Directorate of Prosecution has been introduced in Section 20 of the Bill for each state to establish (with a prescribed hierarchy) with the stated purpose of monitoring cases by scrutinizing police reports, expediting proceedings, and providing opinions on the filing of appeals, wherever applicable.
In relation to arrest
Section 35 of the Bill now combines Sections 41 and 41A of the CrPC2. In the case of an offence punished by less than three years in prison and a person who is infirm or over the age of 60, an arrest can be made only if an officer not lower than the level of Deputy Superintendent of Police obtains prior approval for such arrest.
In the case of a private person’s arrest, a time limit of six hours has now been imposed during which the private person must turn over the person apprehended to the police. Section 43 of the Bill allows a police officer to use handcuffs when arresting an accused in specific circumstances, most of which include major and heinous offences like as organized crime, terrorist acts, and so on.
In addition, in Section 43(1) of the Bill, the police are required to notify the family of a woman where she is being held and provide information on her arrest. Section 51(3) imposes a duty on a medical practitioner to send the examination report of a patient without delay.
On Attachment and seizure of property
Section 107 of the Bill adds a new provision allowing a police officer to apply to the Court or Judicial Magistrate with the approval of the Superintendent or Commissioner of Police for attachment of certain properties derived or obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of criminal activity or the commission of any offence, or which are proceeds of crime. Notably, the term ‘proceeds of crime’ is defined in Section 111 of the Bill (which provides certain definitions under Chapter VIII pertaining to reciprocal arrangements) and is similar to the definition of the term under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.
Furthermore, a new provision has been inserted under Section 499 of the Bill (corresponding to Section 451 of the CrPC3) requiring the Magistrate to prepare a statement of such property containing its description, as well as photographs and videography of the property, within 14 days of its production.
Power to remove obstructions by a police officer
Section 172 of the Bill is a newly inserted clause that requires individuals to follow the lawful directives of a police officer in the performance of any of his duties under this chapter relevant to the Police’s preventive action. Furthermore, the police officer has the authority to arrest or remove any person who resists, refuses, ignores, or disregards any direction provided by such officer. While this clause appears to be benign, it appears to significantly empower the police in their exercise of authority under the Bill’s provisions.
Introduction of timelines
Preliminary enquiry and investigation
One of the more major improvements requested by the Bill is an attempt to reduce delays in inquiry and trial. Timelines have been established for several stages of the criminal process, including the completion of the investigation and filing of a final report, as well as the trial of the offender.
For example, in Section 173(3) of the Bill (which corresponds to Section 1544 of the CrPC), for offences punishable by 3 years or more but less than 7 years, the officer in charge may conduct a preliminary inquiry within 14 days with the prior permission of the Deputy Superintendent of Police to determine if a prima facie case exists and proceed with the investigation if one exists. Section 173 of the Bill further states that information on a cognizable offence can be supplied to police either orally or through electronic communication, regardless of where the offence was committed.
Another alteration is contained in Section 174(4) (equivalent to Section 154(4) of the CrPC), which states that the complainant may apply to the Magistrate for the registration of a FIR only if the Superintendent of Police does not investigate the case.
Furthermore, Section 1555 of the CrPC (as amended by Section 174(1) of the Bill) now includes a fortnightly deadline for a police officer to submit the daily diary report to the Magistrate.
Concerning the power of a police officer to investigate a cognizable offence, the Bill now states that the Superintendent of Police may investigate the offence personally or appoint the Deputy Superintendent of Police to do so. A Judicial Magistrate may also take cognizance of a complaint against a public servant, according to the Bill.
Importantly, Section 193 of the Bill (equivalent to Section 1736 of the CrPC) now requires the Police to notify the victim or informant of the progress of the inquiry, including through electronic contact, within 90 days. Furthermore, the Bill allows for additional investigation after the chargesheet has been filed to the Magistrate but now requires that any additional investigation be completed within 90 days, with the Court’s consent.
Sanction for prosecution
Section 218 of the Bill (corresponding to Section 1977 of the CrPC) now states that the Government must decide whether to grant sanction for prosecution of judges or public servants within 120 days of receiving the request for sanction, and if it does not, the sanction is deemed to have been granted.
Committal to the Sessions Court
In cases involving offences that are exclusively triable by a sessions court and must be committed by the Magistrate under Section 2098 of the CrPC, Section 232 of the Bill stipulates a time period of 90 days to commit the offences to the sessions court, which may be extended for a period not exceeding 180 days for reasons to be recorded in writing.
Framing of charge, trial and judgement
In terms of charge drafting, the Sessions judge has 60 days from the date of the first hearing (as stipulated in Section 251(1)(b) of the Bill) to construct a charge against the accused in writing.
Section 257(1) of the Bill (equivalent to Section 235(1)9 of the CrPC) states that after hearing arguments and points of law, the judge must render a decision within 30 days of the conclusion of arguments, which may be extended for specific reasons to 60 days.
Finally, Section 392 of the Bill requires the Court to upload a copy of the judgment on its webpage within 7 days of the date of judgment.
Discharge
In relation to discharge, Section 262 (corresponding to Section 23910 of the CrPC) provides a time limit to the accused to prefer an application for discharge within a period of 60 days from the date of framing of charges. On the same subject of discharge, Section 274 of the Bill (corresponding to Section 25111 of the CrPC) has a newly inserted proviso providing that if the Magistrate considers the accusation as groundless, he shall, after recording reasons in writing, release the accused and such release shall have the effect of discharge.
Summary trialThe Bill now provides that the Magistrate may, after giving the accused a reasonable opportunity of being heard, for reasons to be recorded in writing, try in a summary way, all or any of the offences not punishable with death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding 3 years.
Use of electronic communication and video conferencing in investigation, inquiry and trial
The Bill has sought to adopt electronic communication and video conferencing facilities at various stages including at the time of inquiry, investigation, and trial. For instance, the Bill permits giving information as regards commission of a cognizable in electronic form.
Issuance of process
Further, a summons issued by a Court under Section 63 (corresponding to Section 6112 of the CrPC), or a Police officer under the newly inserted Section 64(2), or a witness under Section 71, or a warrant may also be in the form of electronic communication. Section 94 of the Bill (corresponding to Section 9113 of the CrPC) now permits a Court or an officer in charge of a police station to summon electronic communication which is likely to contain digital evidence. Section 231 of the Bill provides that supply of copies of statements and documents to accused in other cases triable by Court of Session are permitted to be issued by the Magistrate in an electronic form.
Use of audio-visual electronic means in investigations
Under Section 176 of the Bill providing for procedure for the investigation of cognizable offence (corresponding to Section 15714 of the CrPC), the statement of the victim may also be recorded through audio-video electronic means including a cell phone, as also that of a witness under Section 265(3) of the Bill. Similarly, Section 185 of the Bill (dealing with search by a police officer corresponding to Section 16515 of the CrPC) requires the search to be recorded through audio-visual electronic means preferably by cell phone.
Conduct proceedings through electronic means
Section 355 of the Bill (corresponding to Section 31716 of the CrPC) now inserts a new explanation to subsection (2) providing that personal attendance of the accused includes attendance through audio-video electronic means.
Similarly, Section 532 of the Bill now allows all trials, inquiries, and proceedings, including summons and warrants; holding of inquiry, examination of complaint and witnesses; trials before a Court of Session, recording of evidence in inquiries and trials, trials before the High Court, all appellate proceedings, and such other proceedings, to be held in electronic mode, via electronic communication or audio-video electronic means.
Forensic experts
Another significant addition under Section 176(3) of the Bill is the requirement for the officer in charge of a police station to arrange for a forensic expert to visit the crime scene to collect forensic evidence of the offence and also arrange for videography of the process on a mobile phone or any other electronic device. Furthermore, this provision empowers a state government to notice the use of another state’s forensics facilities until a forensics facility is available in that state.
Cheating through electronic means
From the perspective of economic offences, particularly about the offence of cheating, Section 202(1) of the Bill corresponding to Section 18217 of the CrPC now includes cheating by electronic communications and a Court within whose local jurisdiction such electronic communications or letters or messages were sent or were received has been empowered to try such offence.
Custody of an accused
Under Section 187(2) of the Bill (corresponding to Section 167(2)18 of the CrPC), a judicial magistrate to whom an accused is forwarded may authorize the accused’s detention in custody for a term not exceeding 15 days in whole or in parts at any time during the initial 40 days out of 60 days or 60 days out of 90 days. Notably, the Magistrate may now authorize detention in police custody for more than 15 days provided there are sufficient grounds for doing so. However, such detention shall not exceed 90 days if the investigation relates to an offence punishable by death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term of not less than ten years, or 60 days in the case of any other offence. While this alteration appears to be relevant for major offences, the intended usage and effect, when seen in connection with the proposed changes to the IPC, will need to be investigated further before such provisions are incorporated into law to avoid abuse or arbitrariness.
Furthermore, the Bill states that if the accused is not in custody (corresponding to Section 170 of the CrPC), the police officer shall take security from such person for his appearance before the Judicial Magistrate, and the Judicial Magistrate to whom such report is forwarded shall not refuse to accept the same on the grounds that the accused was not taken into custody.
Bail and Anticipatory Bail
Section 479 defines the terms bail, bond, and bail bond. The Bill now states that if a person is the subject of an investigation, inquiry, or trial for more than one offence in several cases, the Court may not release him on bond.
More importantly, in the case of anticipatory bail under Section 43819 of the CrPC, the new Section 484 of the Bill omits the elements set out in Section 438(1) for anticipatory bail issuance. Sections 438(1A) and (1B) are also missing.
Cognizance of special laws and cases against public servants
The Bill, under Section 210(1) now permits a magistrate to take cognizance of any offence also in relation to a complaint filed by a person authorized under any special law which constitutes an offence.
Further, the Magistrate may also take cognizance against a public servant arising in the course of discharge of his official duties subject to (i) receiving a report containing facts and circumstances of the incident from the officer superior to such public servant; and (ii) after consideration of the assertions made by the public servant as to the situation that led to the incident so alleged.
Trial against an absconding person
Another significant addition to the Bill is the introduction of Section 356, which provides for an inquiry, trial to be conducted or a judgment to be passed against a proclaimed offender, in absentia.
When trying a proclaimed offender who has absconded to evade trial and there is no immediate prospect of arresting him, it shall be deemed to operate as a waiver of such person’s right to be present and tried in person, and the Court shall, after recording reasons in writing, proceed with the trial in the same manner and with the same effect as if he was present, under this Bill and pronounce the judgment. Furthermore, the proclaimed offender may not file an appeal unless he appears before the Court of Appeal. Furthermore, no appeal against conviction shall be allowed after three years from the date of judgment. This introduction appears to be squarely aimed at prosecuting those accused who have escaped Indian jurisdiction, and its efficacy will lie in how such inquiries and trials are actually conducted
Other relevant provisions
In relation to trial
Section 269(7) of the Bill (corresponding to Section 24620 of the CrPC), which is newly inserted, provides that if the attendance of prosecution witnesses for cross-examination cannot be secured despite giving the prosecution opportunity and taking all reasonable measures, it shall be deemed that such witness has not been examined for not being available, and the Magistrate may close the prosecution evidence for reasons to be recorded in writing and proceed.
Section 336 of the Bill provides that where any document or report prepared by a public servant, scientific expert, medical officer or investigating officer is purported to be used as evidence in any enquiry, trial or other proceeding under this Code and (i) such public servant, expert of the officer is either transferred, retired or dead; or (ii) such public servant, expert or officer cannot be found or is incapable of giving deposition or securing the presence of such public servant, expert or officer is likely to cause delay in holding the inquiry, trial or proceeding, the Court shall secure presence of successor officer of such public servant, expert or officer who is holding that post at the time of such deposition to give deposition on such document or report.
Witness protection program
By virtue of Section 398 of the Bill, the concept of a witness protection scheme has been formalized, which it is provided shall be notified by every state government.
Witness protection program
In relation to withdrawal from prosecution under Section 32121 of the CrPC, Section 360 of the Bill now states that no Court shall allow withdrawal from prosecution until the victim is given an opportunity to be heard in that matter.
Compoundable Offences
Section 359 of the Bill (corresponding to Section 32022 of the CrPC) now removes adultery from the list of compoundable offenses and also excludes defamation against the President, Vice-President, Governor of a State, Administrator of a Union Territory, or Minister in relation to his public functions when instituted on a complaint made by the public prosecutor.
Clarifications with respect to Limitation period and Superintendence of the High Court
The Bill now clarifies that (i) the relevant date for computing the period of limitation shall be the date of filing complaint under Section 223 or the date of recording information under Section 173; and (ii) that every High Court in the state shall exercise such superintendence over Sessions Courts.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, the proposed changes can be viewed as a much-needed panacea for improving the functioning of the criminal justice system in terms of the prescription of timelines for inquiry, investigation, and trial, as well as the formal adoption of audio-visual and electronic means for carrying out various processes. However, its effectiveness in the actual world is dependent on how such regulations are implemented and followed in letter and spirit.
Anticipatory Bail or Pre-arrest Bail: It is a legal provision that allows an accused person to apply for bail before being arrested. In India, pre-arrest bail is granted under section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. It is issued only by the Sessions Court and High Court.
The provision of pre-arrest bail is discretionary, and the court may grant bail after considering the nature and gravity of the offence, the antecedents of the accused, and other relevant factors. The court may also impose certain conditions while granting bail, such as surrendering the passport, refraining from leaving the country or reporting to the police station regularly.
What are the Conditions for Granting an Anticipatory Bail in India?
The person seeking anticipatory bail should have reason to believe that they may be arrested for a non-bailable offence.
The court may also impose a monetary bond, which the person seeking anticipatory bail will have to pay if they fail to appear before the court or violate the conditions imposed.
The person seeking anticipatory bail must make themselves available for interrogation by the investigating officer as and when required.
The court may grant anticipatory bail for a limited period, and the person will have to surrender to custody once the period expires.
It is important to note that the granting of anticipatory bail is at the discretion of the court and is not an absolute right. The court will consider various factors, such as the nature and gravity of the offence, the antecedents of the person seeking anticipatory bail, and the likelihood of the person absconding or tampering with evidence, before deciding whether to grant anticipatory bail.
Kerala High Court delivered
Even though there is no absolute embargo in filing a plea for pre-arrest bail after it has been dismissed once, such a plea can be entertained again only if there is a substantial change in the facts, the Court said.
The Kerala High Court recently observed that there is no absolute bar on filing an application for anticipatory bail a second time after its dismissal or acceptance the first time round. [Suresh KM V State of Kerala & Anr.].
However, Justice Kauser Edappagath added that such a second anticipatory bail plea can be entertained only if there is a change in the facts of the case which necessitates the interference of the Court with the earlier bail order.
“Even though there is no absolute embargo in filing the subsequent application for pre-arrest bail, it can be entertained only if there is a substantial change in the facts and circumstances of the case, which requires the earlier view be interfered with or where the earlier finding has become obsolete,” the Court said.
Otherwise, an order granting or refusing to grant a pre-arrest bail application is a final order, and the entertainment of a second plea would amount to reviewing such a final order, the Court explained.
The High Court made the observation while dismissing a pre-arrest bail application filed by a man whose first application for anticipatory bail was rejected.
The man stood accused of sexually assaulting a woman and was charged with offences punishable under Sections 354 (outraging modesty of a woman) and 511 of 376C (related to punishment for rape) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
The Senior Advocate representing the accused contended that in the first application, the Court was not informed that the woman’s husband had a habit of filing frivolous complaints.
The counsel added that since the police had finished their custodial interrogation, the accused man’s arrest was not mandatory.
He contended that the principle of res judicata or estoppel does not apply to criminal jurisprudence. As such, there is no bar to prevent the accused from filing successive bail applications if there are sufficient grounds, he argued.
The High Court, however, found that the accused man had not submitted any material to prove his allegation that the woman’s husband had filed frivolous petitions.
The Court added that even if the custodial interrogation was not required, that by itself is not a ground to grant anticipatory bail. The High Court proceeded to dismiss the anticipatory bail plea.
After the Nirbhaya Case, Justice Verma’s Committee was established, and it presented the idea of Zero FIR in criminal law. As is common knowledge, “FIR” refers to the First Information report that the person bringing the complaint points out to the police. The definition of “FIR” has not been mentioned in the Criminal Procedure.
Depending on the crime in that area or any other place, a zero FIR is how a FIR is filed in any police station. The snitch has no restrictions on how many FIRs they can file. In a Zero FIR, the police officer is obligated to handle the complaint lodged by the Informer and is consequently transferred to another police station under the jurisdiction of which the incident occurred.
A serial digit is not present in the zero FIR. It is instead assigned the value “0” (zero), thus the name. According to the location where the crime was committed, it is documented. The police station transfers it to the authority police station where the incident occurred after it has registered zero FIRs. It was enacted on the advice of the Justice Verma Committee, which was established in the wake of the terrible gang rape of Nirbhaya in Delhi in 2012..
The objective of a Zero FIR
To avoid delay and any other kind of disruptions.
To make police bound to take the jurisdiction.
Timely jurisdiction is to be taken immediately after the registration of the FIR.
To make sure that the investigation is done properly.
To enable the case to proceed fast.
Judiciary on Zero FIR
There has been judiciary support for Zero FIR. Courts have understood the value of Zero FIR and have come down laboriously on the police personnel for their reluctance to register Zero FIR.
The Supreme Court of India in Union of India vs Ashok Kumar Sharma and Others in 2020 observed that “the Police Station where the FIR is filed does not need to have jurisdiction; it is driven over to the Police Station that has the authority of that matter.”
Hence, when details are given to a Police Officer, within the meaning of Section 154 of the CrPC, about the commission of an offense that is cognizable, the Police Officer must file an FIR and then make it over to the Inspector.”
Validity and practicality of the Zero FIR?
The practicality and validity of a Zero FIR are similar to that of regular FIR. After filing Zero FIR, the person can inspect if the case has been moved to the police station with the authority and request for inspection without further delay.
To exemplify, in the case of god man Asaram Bapu, the family members of the 16-year-old filed a Zero FIR in Delhi against the blamed. At the same time, the place of sexual misuse of the nominal was Asaram’s Ashram in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The registered Zero FIR in Delhi was transferred to Jodhpur for further investigation. Then the Jodhpur police took up the research and arrested the accused.
Hence it becomes crucial to understand the effects police officer will have to face if they refuse to register FIR: –
Filing FIR by a police officer is compulsory, as discussed in section 154 of CrPC. As discussed above, officers who refuse to register FIR, especially when the case is related to certain offenses against women ( rape, sexual assault, and so on), can be penalized with detention for one year or with a fine, as discussed in Section 166A of the IPC.
Punishing Action will be brought against the police officers who do not report the FIR if the details he receives reveal an offense of cognizable nature, citing authority situations.
Zero FIR is, therefore, a vital tool for claiming citizens’ rights and encouraging confidence within the general public about the efficacy of police in taking out inquiries in a quick manner without any specialized territorial hindrances.
How to register an FIR / Zero FIR?
It is crucial to know whether the offense is cognizable or not before submitting a Zero FIR. A major offense, such as rape, theft, murder, or theft, is a cognizable violation. On the other hand, information is submitted to the court via a complaint for crimes that are not immediately identifiable, such as criminal breach of trust, unnatural offenses, and so forth.
If the crime is non-cognizable, the matter is reported to the magistrate, whereas in a cognizable offense, FIR is registered. Even if the crime is non-cognizable, the police will still take and keep the information in ‘their journal. The steps upon which the FIR is registered are as follows:
The crime should be cognizable.
If a female gives the details as per sections 326A, 326B, 354, 354A, 354B, 354C, 354D, 376, 376A, 376 B, 376E, or section 509 of IPC 1860, then a female officer must enlist the FIR.
When the crime is beneath sections 326A, 326B, 354, 354A, 354B, 354C, 354D, 376, 376A, 376 B, 376E, or section 509 of the IPC 1860 issued by a person who is disabled, then the agreement has to be made by the police for recording their statement in the presence of the interpreter.
The information must be in the form of a video.
A record of a person’s statement must be under the presence of a magistrate as per section 164 of sub-section 5A.
Who can register a Zero FIR?
A Zero FIR can be registered by the victim or witness who knows the facts connecting to the happening.
Is zero FIR mandatory to be registered by the police?
FIRs are typically filed at the police station. However, there are some instances in which FIR was filed via email and by communicating the scene by phone. Due to digitalization, there are certain times when people file claims online on official sites.
Similarly to FIR, the zero FIR confirms that the police file the FIR and sidesteps any other problem while stating. The benefit of filing zero FIR is that it bypasses any doubtful time consumption and allows the police to study quickly. The process of registering a zero FIR is somehow related to filing FIR. If the officer refuses to report a Zero FIR, the person filing the complaint can write to the higher officer. Yet, if it doesn’t work, they can pass the file to the magistrate via a lawyer.
Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 says that whenever an informant comes to the police station and submits his complaint, the information is converted into writing by the police officer and therefore keeps the record registered in the book as per the direction of the State Government. The informant is also given a copy of the FIR which is free of cost. FIR is registered when the offence committed is cognizable in nature.
Difference between FIR and ZERO FIR
The only distinction between a FIR and a Zero FIR is that a FIR must be submitted as a complaint by the informant when the incident occurred in the area where the police station has the authority to conduct an investigation, whereas a Zero FIR may be submitted to any police station regardless of where the incident occurred.
Conclusion
The shortest way to make a complaint at the police station is with a Zero FIR. Even if the offense occurred outside of their purview, the cops must nevertheless file an. Because of how quickly technology is developing, some jurisdictions also permit online FIR, which allows a person to submit the FIR on the police station’s official website. The FIR condition, however, may be examined virtually.
The ‘Miscellaneous’ section of the 37th Chapter of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which is titled ‘Inherent powers of the Court,’ contains Section 482. The provisions for the quashing of criminal proceedings are laid out in the code under this clause. The CrPC’s Section 482 declares the high courts.
“Saving of inherent powers of High Court- Nothing in this Code shall be deemed to limit or affect the inherent powers of the High Court to make such orders as may be necessary to give effect to any order under this Code, or to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice.“
Why inherent power vested with High Court?
When someone commits an offense, it’s not simply a wrong against them; it’s also a crime against society. It directly affects people’s quality of life and right to personal freedom, as well as the interests of a broader society. Therefore, it was wise to only give these powers to the higher courts and highly qualified judges. This also supports (affirms) Section 483, which states that the High Court has the authority to continuously supervise the subordinate judicial magistrate.In Madhu Limaye v. Maharashtra AIR 1978 (47), the Court has observed the following principles that would govern the High Court’sinherent jurisdiction:
That inherent power must not be resorted to, if specific provision for redressal of grievances is been given.
That it should be carefully used to prevent abuse of process of any Court or otherwise to secure ends of justice.
That it should not be exercised against the express provision given in any other statute. The inherent power would come into play there being no other provision in the code for the grievance redressal of the aggrieved party.
Scope of inherent powers of High Court
Inherent powers include – justice by having the authority to stop any criminal case now before the High Court or lower courts, including any ongoing investigations or FIRs. Only when no other provisions are available are these powers used. It is not an issue as to when the High Court may intervene in criminal cases handled by lower courts. Only when there has been a miscarriage of justice or in cases of unusual circumstances will the High Court intervene.
.The object and purpose of Section 482 Cr.P.C. has been enunciated by the Supreme Court in Dinish Dutt Joshi v. State of Rajasthan (2001) 8 SCC. case as follows: “The principle embodied in the section is based upon the maxim quando lex aliquid alicui concedet, concedera videtur et if sine qua res ipsae esse non potest. This maxim means that when the law gives to anyone, it gives all those things without which the thing itself would be available.
The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution of India, depends on the facts and circumstances of each case Minu Kumari v State of Bihar (2006) 310 SCC. The High Court in exercise of its powers under Section 482 Cr.P.C. and the Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution of India would not direct quashing of a case involving a crime against the society particularly when both the learned special judges as also the High Court have found that a prima facie case has been made out against the appellants herein for framing a charge.Smt. Rumi Dhar v. State of West Bengal: (2009) 6 Hence, section 482 does not confer new powers. It only recognises and preserves powers which inhere in the High Court. The invocation of the jurisdiction of the High Court to quash a First Information Report is not the same as the invocation of jurisdiction for the purpose of compounding an offence under section 320. The decision as to whether a complaint or First Information Report should be quashed on the ground that the offender and victim have settled the dispute, revolves ultimately on the facts and circumstances of each case. As distinguished from serious offences, there may be criminal cases which have an overwhelming or predominant element of a civil dispute. They stand on a distinct footing in so far as the exercise of the inherent power to quash is concerned.
What is the inherent power to quash FIR?
The High Court under Section 482 has the power to quash an FIR even after filing of Charge Sheet by the prosecution. The parties can also reach a modus vivendi case. The accused can also appraise the Court that there is no material evidence against him even after the investigation in the matter.
There are various ways through which FIR an be quashed. Those are as follows:
Quashing of FIR after filing of Charge Sheet
Even after the prosecution files a Charge Sheet, the High Court has the authority to revoke a FIR under Section 482. A modus vivendi may also be reached by the parties. Even after the case has been investigated, the accused may inform the court that there is no solid evidence against him. On the basis of all the evidence and facts gathered against him in the charge sheet, the accused also has the option of pleading guilty to charges of inherent improbability. Given that the High Court’s authority under Section 482 is sufficiently broad, it may issue a quashing of FIR order in such cases.
Quashing of FIR on the basis of Compromise
The High Court has the right to revoke the FIR at any time based on a compromise. A compromise between the accuser and complainant is possible. Under Section 482 CrPC, all parties have the option to file a joint plea to have the FIR quashed. The Court would then carefully consider the facts, circumstances, and other factors of the case before making a decision about the quashing of the FIR. The High Court may reject quashing on the basis of compromise if the Court is dissatisfied with the circumstances underlying the compromise. If the offense is compoundable and the High Court declined to drop the FIR, the parties may go before the Trial Court.
Quashing of FIR in Matrimonial Cases
Under Sections 498 A and 406 of the Indian Penal Code, women may falsely accuse their husbands and relatives of cruelty in certain matrimonial conflicts . The parties to the matrimonial issue do, however, eventually reach a solution. They typically put it in writing and create a Mutual Compromise Deed that contains all of the settlement’s terms and conditions. To record their remarks and for identification purposes, the parties must appear before the High Court.
Quashing of FIR in Financial Disputes
When a financial disagreement is resolved after the parties reach an agreement, quashing the FIR in cases of economic offenses is the natural line of action. If certain major offenses other than economic offenses are involved, parties frequently turn to a Compromise Deed and seek to have the FIR quashed. In accordance with the authority granted by Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the High Court may issue an order for quashing on the basis of settlement while taking the case’s facts and circumstances into consideration.
Mahendera KC Vs State of Karnataka 2021 in this case two tests to quash an FIR 1st whether the allegations made in the complaint, prima facie constitute an offence. 2nd the court noted that the allegations shall be so improbable to appeal to a prudent man and e would not arrive at the finally there is a sufficient ground to proceed with the complaint.
Conclusion
In order for the High courts to carry out their duties and achieve the goal of justice, Section 482 Cr.P.C. has a very broad reach. However, it should be highlighted that because of its size, this power is also quite ambiguous and subject to interpretation. It is crucial that courts use it carefully and in accordance with the rules established by the Supreme Court and High Courts. With the times and as necessary in any circumstance, Section 482 has undergone numerous alterations in its current form.
A bail bond is a written document signed by the accused or his friends or family (known as surety) to assure that the accused will be present before the court at the stipulated time and date, as specified by the court
a formal agreement to pay a specific sum of money determined by a court or police official, signed by the offender or by someone who guarantees the offender’s appearance in court when required. Once the case is over, the sum paid for the execution of the bond may be returned after deducting any administrative fees.
The indemnifies who guarantee the offender’s appearance when the court requests it are known as sureties. He is the one who covers the cost of the bail bond when the offender is unable to provide his own.
But after being granted bail, may an accused person substitute a bank guarantee for surety bonds? A bank guarantee is a document that the bank issues pledging its commitment to provide protection in the event that a party fails to carry out their obligations. As a result, it is a third-party guarantee, which implies the bank will pay the bond if neither the surety nor the accused could.
The court in Afsar Khan v. State by Girinagar Police, Bangalore 1992 Cr.LJ 1676 (7). held that a reading of the entire chapter which deals with the provisions relating to bail, does not say that when a person is released on bail, the Court can also insist upon him to give cash security. Further, court cannot demand cash deposit as a condition of bail. Rajballam Singh v. Emperor, AIR 1943 Patna 375, Thus, bank guarantee can be permitted by the court to pay for the bail.
Chapter 33 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (hereafter referred to as the Cr.P.C.) contains provisions relating to bail bonds. According to Section 440 of the Code, the sum so determined by the court must be reasonable and take into account all of the facts surrounding the case. This clause gives the Sessions Court and High Court the authority to tell the magistrate or police officer to lower the bail bond amount.
According to Section 441 of the Code, the criminal who has been released on bail or his own bond must sign a bond for the amount of money that the police officer or the court determines is required to guarantee his appearance at the time specified in the bond or until any other time specified by the court. Therefore, a bond ensures that the criminal will appear in court when required to do so, whether to answer the accusation or not. If a minor is compelled to sign a bond, the police officer or the court in their place may only do so with the backing of one or more sureties. Conditions may be in a bond. When executing the bond, such terms must be stated there.
If the surety or sureties is found to be insufficient or later becomes insufficient, or if the surety or sureties applies before the court for the direction of discharge of either whole bond or any part as related to the applicants, the court has the authority to commit the person released on bail to jail. Before sending such a person to jail, the court may ask him to come up with enough surety to release him on bail once more. When any person is required by any Court or officer to execute a bond with or without sureties, such Court or officer may, except in the case of a bond for good behaviour, permit him to deposit a sum of money or Government promissory notes to such amount as the Court of officer may if in lieu of executing such bond.
The courts must keep their authority in check whether there is just a delay in the payment of the bond or when the indemnitor chooses to no longer be liable for the bail. The court may, however, lose the bail bond under Section 466 of the Code if the need for the production of any property is not met or if the fine is not paid for an adequate reason. In this context, forfeiture refers to keeping the bond money even after the case is ended. If even the surety is unable to save the criminal in the second scenario, the offender may face up to six months in prison.
But what occurs following the forfeiture of the bond? The court must order the person whose security was demanded to provide a new security bond if the surety dies, becomes bankrupt, or when any forfeiture is carried out in the aforementioned cases. If this happens, the magistrate of first class may proceed as though there had been a failure to comply with the original order of bond.
Following any forfeiture of bond in case of any breach of the conditions mentioned in it, result into cancellation of such bond where the alleged offender thereafter cannot seek release on bail on his own bond except when the police officer or the court is of the view that no sufficient cause of failure can arise of the person bound by the bond to comply with its condition.[9]Above were the provisions of bail bond but what actually happens after an order is passed in this regard? How to execute a bail bond after the passing of such order?
When practically seen the execution requires certain documents such as:
Bail application
Id proof of the person executing it
Id proof of the surety giving guarantee for the person
Demand draft or cheque for the sum to be paid for the bond
Property papers in case a property is being charged for the purpose of furnishing the bail bond and tax return receipts.
Declaration by the surety or sureties
Letter of undertaking
The surety is required to make arrangements for the application of the offender’s bail bond undertaking. Additionally, he needs to provide proof that he is solvent and has sufficient assets to stand surety. Additionally, he must certify as an indemnitor that he is aware of the terms of the execution of the bail bond and that he guarantees the offender’s compliance with those terms. Thus, the execution of bail is finished at the police station after completing the necessary paperwork and paying the bond amount.
The government amended the existing law dealing with children in conflict with the law citing implementational issues and procedural delays with adoption, etc.
The government also cited figures from the National Crime Records Bureau to show that there had been a hike in the number of juveniles committing crimes, particularly in the age bracket of 16 to 18 years.
In the 2000 Act, there was no distinction between children in conflict with the law and children in need of care and protection. The amended act changed that.
The 2000 Act also did not have provisions for the reporting of abandoned or lost children to the appropriate authorities, in order to ensure their protection and care.
The amendment in the 2000 law came about because of public outrage at the infamous Delhi gang-rape case (Nirbhaya Case) in 2012. One of the offenders in the case was a 17-year-old.
The legislation strives to achieve a balance between child rights and justice by not sentencing juveniles to the death sentence and life imprisonment.
Juvenile Justice Act Features
The JJA, 2015 introduced many changes to the existing law based on the requirements of the day in terms of reforming the laws and making the juvenile justice system more responsive to the changing circumstances of society. The Act seeks to hold the child accused of crime accountable, not through punishments, but through counselling.
Who is a Juvenile?
As per law, a juvenile is any individual below the age of 18.
According to laws in India, any child below the age of 7 cannot be convicted under any law for any crime.
Under earlier laws, the distinction between children in conflict with the law and children in need of care and protection was vague, as both were termed juveniles.
In the amended law (2015 Act), the terms are ‘children in conflict with the law’ and ‘children in need of care and protection’; so that the distinction is clear.
Juvenile Justice Board:
This is a judiciary body before which children detained or accused of a crime are brought.
This acts as a separate court for juveniles since they are not to be taken to a regular criminal court.
The Board comprises of a judicial magistrate of the first class and two social workers, one of whom at least should be a woman.
The Board is meant to be a child-friendly place and not intimidating for the child.
Child Welfare Committee:
The State Governments set up these committees in districts in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
The Committees have the power to dispose of cases for the care, protection, treatment, development and rehabilitation of the children in need of care and protection, as well as to provide for their basic needs and protection.
The Act provides for an efficient and organized system for the adoption of orphaned, surrendered and abandoned children.
It also makes it compulsory for all child care institutions to be registered.
An important provision of the amended Act is that it provides for minors in the age group 16 – 18 years to be treated as adults in the case of heinous crimes.
The Act also gives the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) statutory status.
The Act distinguishes between children in conflict with the law and children in need of care and protection.
Under the previous Act, any minor, regardless of the crime committed, could be convicted only to a maximum of 3 years. Under no circumstances could the minor be tried in an adult court or sent to an adult jail, or given a penalty longer than 3 years. However, this changed with the 2015 amendment. All children below the age of 18 would be treated equally except for one departure from the norm. That is, in the case of heinous crimes. Any minor of the age group 16 – 18 and who has been accused of committing a heinous crime can be tried like an adult. For this, the Juvenile Justice Board would assess the child’s physical and mental capacities, his/her ability to comprehend the consequences of the crime, etc. and determine whether the child can be treated as an adult.
A constitutional institution that protects citizens’ rights is the judiciary. When it comes to legal and constitutional matters, this is the supreme authority. It is essential to the passing of legislation as well as the settlement of disputes between people, governments, and other parties. The courts uphold the nation’s law and order in order to defend citizens’ rights. The Supreme Court, the High Court, and other lower courts are presided over by judges.
Magistrate
A magistrate is a public official who supervises the execution of justice in a given area, such as a city or district. The name “magistrate” derives from the old French word “‘magistrat ” which implies “a magistrate, public machinery” and “civil officers responsible for enforcing laws.” Before rendering a decision, he is the one who hears both civil and criminal matters. The District Magistrate or District Collector is without a doubt the Chief Executive, Administrative, and Revenue Officer. He ensures that the district’s numerous governmental entities are coordinated as needed.
Chief Judicial Magistrate
According to section 12(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code, the High Court shall appoint a judicial magistrate of the first class to the position of Chief Judicial Magistrate in each district. CJM is one of the officers chosen from the cadre of first-class judicial magistrates and is appointed by the CJM of the High Court. There must be one CJM in each session division.
The session judge and additional session judge are superior to the CJM. The distribution of work among different court of judicial magistrates is one of the responsibilities of the CJM.
Chief judicial magistrate is also referred to as anilaka magistrate. in section 14(1) of the CrpC. The local boundaries of the places where the magistrate appointed under section 11 or section 13 is considered to have been defined by CJM. The CJM specified the first and second class judicial magistrates’ service areas.
According to Section 15(2) of the CrPC, the chief judicial magistrate should assign business to the judicial magistrates under him. In light of this, the CJM is required under this clause to divide up the workload among the Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC), Judicial Magistrate Second Class, Special Judicial Magistrate of First and Second Classes, and Sub-Divisional Magistrate.
Judicial magistrate First Class
Establishment of appointments and JMFC’s authority. JMFC is at the hierarchy’s very first level. Applications for offenses that are not very serious go to JMFC. Check bounce cases under NI and other offenses of a lower degree are handled by the same.
According to Section 11(1), the State Government, in collaboration with the High Court, shall establish as many Courts of Judicial Magistrate of the First Class and of the Second Class in each district as it deems necessary. The High Court makes the decision about the entire procedure, which includes the examination and interview.
According to Section 11(2), the High Court shall appoint the presiding officer of the JMFC and Supreme Court. According to section 11(3), the HC has the authority to grant any member of the state’s judicial service the authority of JMFC OR SC to serve as a judge in the civil court. Timings are frequently specified during court appearances. A district court judge will typically handle civil matters before lunch, and after lunch, the JMFC judge will take over and handle criminal offense cases. Sub clause 3 governs this action. We have a common exam called the civil judge junior division examination for this reason.
Role of a Magistrate
A magistrate is a person who renders judgments on unimportant or trivial issues. The Magistrate actually renders the initial judgments in criminal cases. He is said to possess administrative skills. The judge, on the other hand, renders decisions in complex and challenging cases where having legal knowledge and the ability to draw judgments are crucial. A magistrate can only do so little in relation to a judge. The Judicial Magistrate and Chief Judicial Magistrate are chosen by the High Court, whereas the District Magistrate is chosen by the Governor. A magistrate is a person who renders judgments on unimportant or trivial issues. The Magistrate actually renders the initial judgments in criminal cases. He is said to possess administrative skills. The judge, on the other hand, renders decisions in complex and challenging cases where having legal knowledge and the ability to draw judgments are crucial. A magistrate can only do so little in relation to a judge. The Judicial Magistrate and Chief Judicial Magistrate are chosen by the High Court, whereas the District Magistrate is chosen by the Governor.
Sentence of Imprisonment in Default of Fine
A court of magistrates has the authority to impose the maximum sentence of imprisonment permitted by law under Section 30 of the code. However, it is stipulated that the sentence cannot exceed the authority granted by Section 29. Additionally, if incarceration is part of the substantive sentence, it should not last longer than one-fourth of the maximum sentence that the magistrate may impose for the offense, excluding incarceration for failure to pay a fine.
Arrest by Magistrate
In accordance with Section 44 of the code, a magistrate, whether executive or judicial, has the authority to arrest someone, order their arrest, or both when the crime is committed within his local jurisdiction and in his presence. Any individual for whom he is qualified to issue a warrant at the moment and under the circumstances may also be arrested or ordered to be arrested.
Power of Magistrate to Order an Investigation
Under Section 156(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 a Judicial Magistrate is empowered to order an investigation when no proper investigation is conducted despite the registration of FIR. Such an order of investigation can only be made for an offence in which the Magistrate is empowered to take cognizance of under Section 190 of the Code.
Chapter III of Cr.P.C. deals with power of Courts. One of such power is to try offences. Offences are divided into two categories: (a) those under the Indian Penal Code; and (b) those under any other law. Any offense under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 may be tried by the High Court, the Court of Session, or any other court by which such offense is shown in the First Schedule to be triable, but any offense under any other law must be tried by the court specified in that law, or the High Court if that court is not specified, or any other court by which such offense is shown in the First Schedule to be triable, as stated in Section 26.
(a) Sentences which High Courts and Sessions Judges may pass Section 28 states that a High Court may impose any sentence permitted by law. Any legal punishment may be imposed by a Sessions Judge or Additional Sessions Judge, but the High Court must affirm any death sentence imposed by one of these judges. Any sentence permitted by law may be imposed by an assistant sessions judge, with the exception of the death penalty, life in prison, and sentences exceeding ten years in length. As a result, Section 26 of the Code lists the different kinds of Courts that can hear cases involving various offenses, and Section 28 of the Code specifies the maximum punishments that these Courts are permitted to impose.
(b) Sentences which Magistrates may pass Section 29 lays down the quantum of sentence which different categories of Magistrates are empowered to impose. The powers of individual categories of Magistrates to pass the sentence are as under: (i) The Court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate may pass any sentence authorised by law except a sentence of death or of imprisonment for life or of imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years. (ii) A Magistrate of the first class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or of a fine not exceeding five thousand rupees, or of both. (iii) A Magistrate of the second class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or of fine not exceeding one thousand rupees, or of both. (iv) A Chief Metropolitan Magistrate shall have the powers of the Court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate and that of a Metropolitan Magistrate, and the powers of the Court of a Magistrate of the First class.
(c) Sentence of imprisonment in default of fine Where a fine is imposed on an accused and it is not paid, the law provides that he can be imprisoned for a term in addition to a substantive imprisonment awarded to him, if any. Section 30 defines the limits of Magistrate’s powers to award imprisonment in default of payment of fine. It provides that the Court of a Magistrate may award such term of imprisonment in default of payment of fine as is authorised by law provided that the term: (i) is not in excess of the powers of the Magistrate under Section 29; and (ii) where imprisonment has been awarded as part of the substantive sentence, it should not exceed 1/4th of the term of imprisonment which the Magistrate is competent to inflict as punishment for the offence otherwise than as imprisonment in default of payment of the fine.
(d) Sentences in cases of conviction of several offences at one trial: Section 31 relates to the quantum of punishment which the Court is authorised to impose where the accused is convicted of two or more offences at one trial.
Conclusion:
Criminal procedure law is supposed to be an addition to criminal law. Its purpose is to offer a way to enforce the legislation on the books. The Code of Criminal Procedure sets up the required systems for catching offenders, looking into their cases, having them tried in criminal court, and punishing the guilty party appropriately.
