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Sources of Law

John Salmond, a legal scholar renowned for his ideologies on law in the field of jurisprudence, classified the sources of law into mainly two categories,i.e., material sources and formal sources.

Material sources

Material sources of law are those sources from which the law gets its content or matter, but not its validity. There are two types of material sources which are legal sources and historical sources. 

Legal sources 

Legal sources are the instruments used by the state which create legal rules. They are authoritative in nature and followed by courts of law. These are the sources or instruments that permit newer legal principles to be created. According to Salmond, legal sources of English law can be further classified into four categories- 

  • Legislation, 
  • Precedent, 
  • Customary law, and
  • Conventional law. 

Historical sources

Historical sources are sources that influence the development of law without giving effect to its validity or authority. These sources influence legal rules indirectly. The difference between legal and historical sources is that all laws have a historical source but they may or may not have a legal source. Decisions given by foreign courts serve as an example for this kind of source.  

Kinds of LAW

Kinds of law 

Introduction Law is used in different senses. The use of the term “law” is made in various senses. It denotes different kinds of rules and Principles. Blackstone says “law in its most general and comprehensive sense signifies a rule of action and is applied indiscriminately to all kinds of action whether, animate, rational, irrational. Thus we say the law of motion of gravitation of optics or Mechanics, as well as the law of nature and nations” it is helpful in understanding the different senses in which “law” is used in various fields of knowledge. 

Kinds of law by Sir Jhon Salmond Sir John Salmond refers to eight kinds of law

1.Imperative law

2.Physical or scientific law

3. Natural or moral law

4. Conventional law

5. Customary law

6. Practical or technical law

7. International law, and

8. Civil law

Imperative law Imperative law means a rule of action imposed upon by some authority which enforces obedience to it. In other words it is a command enforced by some superior power either physically or in any other form of compulsion

Definitions of law:-

It is very difficult to define the term law. Many Jurists attempted to define the term law. For the Purpose of clarity, some of the definitions given by Jurists in different Periods are categorized as follows. (I) Idealistic Definitions:- Romans and other ancient Jurists defined law in its idealistic nature. Roman Justinian’s defined law in the light of its idealistic nature. (a) Salmond: – According to salmond “the law may be defined as the body of principles recognized and applied by the state in the administration of Justice.

According to Austin, a law, in the strict sense, is a general command of the sovereign individual or the sovereign body. Issued to those in subjectivity and enforced by the physical power of the state. According to Austin “law is an aggregate of rules set by men politically superior or sovereign to men as politically subject.” Austin says, “A law is command which obliges a person or persons to a course of conduct.

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